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The pay differences are substantial. The Washington Post reports that men who hold more traditional attitudes about women in society earned $11,930 more a year than men with more egalitarian views and $14,404 more than women with traditional attitudes. The salary comparison was for men and women who not only have the same levels of education, but also work in the same types of jobs for a similar number of hours a week.
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Led by organizational psychologists Beth A. Livingston and Timothy Judge, the University of Florida team analyzed 25 years of data from the U.S. Department of Labor's National Longitudinal Survey of Youth that began in 1979. At the beginning of the study, 12,000 people ages 14 to 22 years old were surveyed. Since many of the participants were only teenagers when the study began, their wages have dramatically increased over the 25 years data were collected. When averaged over the quarter-century, these are the average salaries:
-- Men with traditional attitudes: $34,725
-- Men with egalitarian attitudes: $22,795
-- Women with egalitarian attitudes: $21,373
-- Women with traditional attitudes: $20,321
The bottom line: Men with traditional attitudes earn the most, while the women who agreed with that outlook on life earn the least; this wage gap is more than 10 times greater than the gap between men and women who hold egalitarian views. "When we think of the gender wage gap, most of our focus goes to the women side of things," Livingston told Post reporter Shankar Vedantam. "This article says a lot of the difference may be in men's salaries." She admits she was taken aback by the unexpected results. "We actually thought maybe men with traditional attitudes work in more complex jobs that pay more or select higher-paying occupations. Regardless of the jobs people chose or how long they worked at them, there was still a significant effect of gender role attitudes on income."
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Why do sexist men earn more money? Livingston and Judge think men who hold traditional attitudes might negotiate harder for a higher salary. "It could be that traditional men are hypercompetitive salary negotiators--the Donald Trump prototype, perhaps," Judge told the Post. "It could be on the employer side that, subconsciously, the men who are egalitarian are seen as effete." Critics insist that the gender wage gap is not a result of inequality in the workplace, but rather the result of different career choices that men and women make, as well as the different hours they work. The study was published in the Journal of Applied Psychology.
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